Title: Set Covering and Serre's Theorem on the Cohomology Algebra of a $p$-Group (Submitted) Author: Erg\" un Yal\c c\i n 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary: 20J06; Secondary: 20D15, 20D60, 51E20. Address: Department of Mathematics Bilkent University Ankara, Turkey Abstract: We define a group theoretical invariant, denoted by $s(G)$, as a solution of a certain set covering problem, and show that it is closely related to $chl(G)$, the cohomology length of a $p$-group $G$. By studying $s(G)$, we improve the known upper bounds for the cohomology length of a $p$-group, and determine $chl(G)$ completely for extra-special $2$-groups of real type.