Raphael Rouquier Institut de Mathematiques de Jussieu and Universite Paris 7 We define a dimension for a triangulated category. We prove a representability Theorem for a certain class of functors on finite dimensional triangulated categories. We study the dimension of the bounded derived category of an algebra or a scheme and we show in particular that the bounded derived category of coherent sheaves over a variety has a finite dimension. For a self-injective algebra, a lower bound for Auslander's representation dimension is given by the dimension of the stable category. We use this to compute the representation dimension of exterior algebras. This provides the first known examples of representation dimension >3. We deduce that the Loewy length of the group algebra over F_2 of a finite group is strictly bounded below by 2-rank of the group (a conjecture of Benson).