Title: The cyclotomic Jantzen-Schaper theorem. Authors: Gordon James and Andrew Mathas. Keywords: Ariki-Koike algebras, cyclotomic $q$-Schur algebras, Jantzen filtrations. Status: Trans. AMS, (to appear). Abstract: In this paper we use the cyclotomic $q$-Schur algebras to prove an analogue of the Jantzen-Schaper theorem for the Ariki-Koike algebras. Most of the argument is devoted to first proving an analogue of Jantzen's sum formula for the Weyl modules of the cyclotomic $q$-Schur algebra. The result for the Ariki-Koike algebras is then deduced by a Schur functor argument. As a corollary of these results we obtain criteria for the Weyl modules and Specht modules of these algebras to be irreducible. As a special case of our results we obtain, for the first time, an analogue of the Jantzen-Schaper theorem for Coxeter groups of type B.